E nānā nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā mea hoʻolālā mai nā ʻoihana alakaʻi, a me nā influencers a me nā loea, i nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻolālā o kēia wā, e ʻimi ana i nā pilikia e like me ka noiʻi, ʻenehana a me ke olakino.
Ma o ka loiloi hohonu, ka ʻike koʻikoʻi, a me ka hōʻike kikoʻī, e hāʻawi nā lālā Metropolis iā ʻoe i nā mea hana āu e pono ai i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.
I ka makahiki 2019, ʻelua hale hōʻikeʻike i kapa ʻia ʻo Bauhaus i ʻike ʻia ma nā pōʻai moʻomeheu Kelemania. No ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kenekulia o ke kula hoʻolālā, ʻo ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Bauhaus ma Weimar ka mea i puka mua mai kona mau ʻīpuka, e wehe ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻApelila. Ma hope o kekahi mau kaomi, ua hahai ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Bauhaus ma Dessau i ka hoʻomaka o Kepakemapa. ʻO ke kolu o ka papahana, ʻo ka hoʻonui lohi ʻana o ka Walter Gropius's 1979 Bauhaus Gestaltung Archive/Museum ma Berlin, ʻaʻole i hoʻomau i ka wikiwiki a manaʻo ʻia e wehe ʻia no kekahi mau makahiki hou aʻe.
I kēia manawa ma Berlin, ua hili ʻia ke kili o Kāpena Gropius i loko o kahi ʻauwai lepo a ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia kāna papahana i kahi hoʻohui manawa. ʻO ka hale, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1976, ʻo ia ka makahiki i kūkulu hou ai ka GDR i ka pā kula ʻo Dessau ma Kapitan i wehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1979, ʻaʻole i kaulana loa ʻoiai ʻo ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā kaʻa wāwae mai ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Wall Berlin. ʻO kēia ka hopena o kahi kuʻikahi: ʻO ka hoʻolālā mua o Gropius i ka makahiki 1964 no kahi kahua sloping ma Darmstadt, kahi kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi kokoke i Frankfurt, ua pale ʻia e nā poʻe kālai'āina kūloko. ʻAʻole hiki i nā makahiki he ʻumi aʻe, ma hope o ka make ʻana o Gropius, ua loaʻa ka papahana i kahi wahi ma West Berlin. Akā naʻe, ua hoʻopau kēia hoʻohaunaele i ka hoʻolālā kumu a makemake i nā hoʻololi nui (ʻoi aku ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hale i kahi pae pae) e ke kōkua o Gropius ʻo Alex Cianovich.
ʻO nā mea ola mai ka papa hana mua i pepehi ʻia ma ke ʻano haʻahaʻa hope loa. Ma nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hoʻohewa ʻo Sibylla Moholy-Nagy, he modular, me ka manaʻoʻiʻo ʻole i kāna loiloi a me ka subtractive, "me ka makemake ʻole i ka mana hou." Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā manawa āpau e kūʻē iā Gropius i kona mau lā aupuni kahiko. ʻO ka ʻili, ʻaʻole kūʻē i ka inoa o ke kula, he kumu hopohopo no ka hana hana ma waena o nā mea kākau Bauhaus, he matte. ʻO ka hale kaupaku kaulana, a me ka puʻu makani ikaika i hoʻohui ʻia e Cvijanovic, makemake i ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe akā hāʻule. ʻAʻole ia ka Bauhaus.
He mea aʻoaʻo ka hihia o ka Bauhaus Archives no ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka pilikia o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi "brand", ʻoi aku hoʻi i kahi hōʻailona kuʻuna e like me ka Bauhaus. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke kilokilo, e like me ka lilo ʻana o ka pōʻino i farce a lilo ka farce i ka memetic nihilism. ʻOiai ʻo kēlā me kēia kūlanakauhale o ka honua e hoʻouluulu ana i nā hale "ʻano hou", ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou me nā kula hoʻolālā kaulana loa o ke kenekulia 20 ma mua o ka virality o IKEA a me Alucobond.
Eia naʻe, ʻo ke akamai o ka Bauhaus e waiho ana i loko o ke kūlana politika ahi i koi ʻia e ola. Ma waho o ka pele o nā kaua honua, ua ala mai kahi ʻuhane hou, a Gropius i hōʻike ai i kāna hōʻike 1919 i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kula ma Weimar. ʻO "Crystallization" ka huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi, e like me kāna ʻōlelo aʻo poina ʻole: "Pono e loaʻa i ke kiʻi kāna hōʻike crystalline i kahi hana nui. ʻO kēia hana noʻeau nui, kēia hale pule e hiki mai ana, E lawe mai i ka nui o ka mālamalama i nā mea liʻiliʻi loa o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ola."
No laila, ʻaʻole ia he coincidence, ʻo ke kiʻi i kope nui ʻia o ka wā Weimar mua o ka Bauhaus he ʻoki lāʻau e Lionel Feininger e hōʻike ana i kahi "cathedral socialist" prismatic. ʻO kēia ka socialism o William Morris, ka honua a me ka fraternal, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻo naʻaupō a me ke ʻano o nā ʻano ma mua o ke kumu instrumental. ʻO Art, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hana, he mea e pale aku ai i nā weliweli o ke kaua mechanized kahi e hele ai ka bourgeoisie ma ka home a ma waho.
He aha ka mea e pono ai i mua o kēlā ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka manaʻo a me ke kanaka, a ma hea kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia kūlana ma mua o Weimar, ke kikowaena nerve o ka German Enlightenment, kahi i hānau ai ʻo Goethe lāua ʻo Schiller? Akā ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua lilo ka Esperanto mea hoʻopuka i loko o nā studio o ka Bauhaus i kahi manaʻo hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka angular a ʻāpana, ʻo kekahi hapa ma ka hana a Theo van Doesburg's De Stijlist.
ʻO Heike Hanada, ka mea nāna i hoʻolālā i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Bauhaus ma Weimar, ʻaʻohe mana kūʻai no kēlā me kēia mana. A squat concrete cube, hōʻike ia i kekahi o ka hopohopo i hūnā ʻia i ka expressionism, akā hōʻole i kona lokomaikaʻi hoʻopakele. Ua kūpono i ka manaʻo nui o ke kulekele Weimar no ka hoʻopau ʻana i kākoʻo ʻia e ka mīkini Nazi, a me ka wahi kokoke i ka Gauforum (ke hale hoʻomalu kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kulekele) a me ka hale hoʻomoana ʻo Buchenwald (kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ke kulekele). He liʻiliʻi wale nā puka makani ka nui o ka hale hōʻikeʻike, e hāʻawi iā ia i kahi manaʻo paʻa. Me he mea lā he hoʻomaka maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻolālā ʻana inā ʻaʻole no ka ea o loko, akā naʻe, ʻeha ʻia i ka manaʻo nui ʻana i kahi alapiʻi waena, haiki loa.
No kēlā mau puʻupuʻu paʻa a kaumaha, ʻaʻole kēia he "silo" e like me ka ʻōlelo a kekahi poʻe loiloi. Loaʻa mau i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohewa ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana me ka hoʻohālikelike. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hoʻowalewale - kokoke loa i ka Gauforum a me ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo e pili ana i ka wā i paʻa ai ka inoa hanohano o "Adolf Hitlerplatz" -a, i kēlā me kēia hihia, kuhikuhi i ka version A o ke kānāwai o Derwin: e alakaʻi kekahi kūkākūkā o ka Bauhaus. i ka Nazism.
Ua kipaku mua ʻia ke kula ma Weimar i ka wā i haʻalele ai nā luna panalāʻau i ke kālā. Ua neʻe ʻo ia i Dessau a ua hoʻopau ke kula i kāna mau makahiki gula (1926) ma ka pā kula ʻo Gropius. Ua hāʻawi aku ʻo Gropius i ka pahu i ke koʻina ʻakaʻaka (a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana hale) ʻo Hannes Meyer. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kula, a ma ka manawa like, ua lilo nā haumāna i mea piha loa me ka honua ma waho o kā lākou mau studio. Ua lilo kēia i pilikia, ua koi ʻia ʻo Meyer e haʻalele a ua komo ʻo Mies van der Rohe i loko o ke āpau. Ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka haʻawina a hoʻololi i kāna manaʻo mai ka hale o nā limahana, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ka pena kiʻi, ke kiʻi kiʻi, a me ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, i ka hale aniani pālahalaha o Plato. Hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana o nā haumāna i nā mea pohihihi ʻenehana a me ka mōʻaukala i ke aʻo ʻana i ka manamana lima a me ka lehelehe o ke ʻano hoʻolālā. Akā, ua maikaʻi, no ka mea, e puka mai ana nā pālule ʻeleʻele ma ʻaneʻi, a komo kekahi i loko o ka Bauhausler. Ua kapa lākou i ke kula he "aquarium" a hoʻouna iā ia i Berlin, kahi i hāʻule ai i ka hoʻoweliweli Kulturkampf.
ʻO ka Bauhaus kekahi o nā mea i hoʻopilikia mua ʻia i ka fascism, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o kona mau alakaʻi ma nā palena a me nā hemispheres. (Moholy-Nagy hou: “I ka makahiki 1933 ua lulu ʻo Hitler i ka lāʻau a ua ʻohi ʻo ʻAmelika i nā hua o ke akamai Kelemania.”) Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia, ua hoʻokipa ʻia ʻo Gropius, Breuer a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka puʻuwai o ka honua naʻauao o ʻAmelika. . A ʻo "manaʻo" - ka inoa inoa ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia iā ia e kahi hoaaloha hou - hoʻomaka e holoi i nā moʻolelo. Ua make loa ka wā Weimar, a ua hoʻohuli hou ʻia ke au o ke kula. ʻO ka mea i koe, ʻo kāna Bauhaus ma Dessau, kahi ʻoihana hou loa no ka Old World.
ʻO ka Bauhaus ka linchpin o ka hoʻolālā mana palupalu o CIA e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka Soviet Union ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO Dessau, ke kulanui a me ke kūlanakauhale ma lalo o ka mana Soviet, akā ʻo ka Bauhaus maoli, e like me ke aupuni democracy, i noho i ka honua mua. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka poʻe loea e like me Kathleen James-Chakraborty, ʻo nā ʻano like ʻole o ka wā hou i loaʻa ma mua, i ka manawa like a ma hope o ka German Bauhaus - Neues Bauen, Expressionism, Weimar Lichtreklame - ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Bauhaus, e lilo ka brand. lawe ʻia mai a puni ka honua. . hui NATO.
Akā i ka hoʻolālā o ka echt Bauhaus o kona ʻāina hānau, ʻo nā lima ʻelua ka mea nui loa. Ma waho aʻe o nā pā kula, aia kekahi mau hale puke, e like me Gropius's master's villa no nā haku Bauhaus (indeterminate, Kandinsky, Moholy-Nagy), a me nā hana hoʻonaʻauao ʻole, non-stucco, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Gropius Employment Office (1929) a Hannes Meyer. He hale hoʻopunipuni maʻalahi me ka lanai (1930). Ma Weimar, ʻo Haus am Horn i ka makahiki 1923 ka hoʻāʻo mua ʻana i ke ʻano. ʻOi aku ma mua o Central Germany ʻo Meyer's trade union school ADGB ma Bernau, kokoke i Berlin, i ka makahiki 1930. E like me ka pā kula Dessau, ua piha i nā manaʻo - a me nā mea pono loa - akā ʻaʻole makemake i ka hōʻailona Gropius 'Sachlichkeit.
ʻOiai ma hope o hoʻokahi haneli, ua haki nā hale ma muli o ko lākou ikaika nui o ka hoʻohālike. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka maʻemaʻe Lutheran, ka mea a ka poʻe Bauhausler i hoʻokahuli mua i ko lākou mau pilina pili i kēlā me kēia lā. A i ʻole he afflatus manaʻo haʻahaʻa (“hui hou”), a i ʻole he mele technocratic (art and technology, technology and art, amene).
ʻAe, mahalo iā Addendum Architects, ke keena ma hope o ka Bauhaus Museum Dessau ma Barcelona, Sepania. Hoʻopau ia i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻino loa o ka Dessau Gang i ka wā e paʻa ana i nā laina paʻakikī a me nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he nani ka hale. He maʻalahi loa ke kiʻikuhi, kahi pilina maʻamau ma waena o ka virtual a me ka mea maoli: kahi hale hōʻikeʻike me kahi ākea mau e kau ana ma luna o kahi keʻena hoʻolālā hui pū me ka lōʻihi mau. ʻEleʻele ka hapa o luna e hūnā i nā mea i loko, a ʻo ka hapa lalo e waiho i ka envelope translucent.
Haʻahaʻa loa i kēia manawa. Akā, ma muli o ke kūlana ko'iko'i o ka hale ma kahi pāka nui o ke kaona, 'a'ole maopopo ka puka aniani e like me ka pono. Ua manaʻo nā mea kākau e hoʻoneʻe i ka facade (ma ka ʻuhane o ka Bauhaus), no laila ua pohihihi ʻia i loko a i waho, akā ma waho aʻe o ia mea, ʻike ʻia ka hele ʻana o ka hale hōʻikeʻike ma nā wahi ākea ʻē aʻe.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hale hōʻikeʻike ma Berlin ka mea nani loa o nā hana hou. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka papahana e hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka honua, me kahi hale kiaʻi ʻelima ʻo ia wale nō ka superstructure ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻolālā. Loaʻa iā ia nā kolamu maʻamau maʻamau ma waho, e waiho ana i ka papahele o loko (no ka hale ʻaina a me ka hale kūʻai) e hāmama loa. Ua lawe ʻia ʻo Staab Architekten e ke komisina i ka makahiki 2015 a he mea naʻauao ka mālama ʻana i kahi mamao ma waena o ka hale e kū nei a me ka hale ponoʻī, i mea e hoʻopau maikaʻi ai i nā mana pololei.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohenehene, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻōlelo a ka Bauhaus i ka mōʻaukala e pili ana i ka hana kūkulu hale i hewa. Me ka ʻokoʻa o nā hale Meyer a me ka pā kula Dessau, ʻo "Bauhaus architecture" kahi mea hoʻopunipuni. ʻO nā hana ʻē aʻe ma ke kula, mai ka ulana ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻolālā pepa kiʻi kiʻi, mai ka pena kiʻi a hiki i ka hoʻolaha ʻana, he mea hou a paʻa mau i ko mākou noʻonoʻo. (ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka Bauhaus kahi hoʻolālā hoʻolālā no ka hapa nui o kona ola ʻana.)
He aha ka mea e ala ai nā haumāna i ka pō inā hoʻoponopono hou ʻia ka Bauhaus ma 2019? ʻO kēia ka nīnau i waiho ʻia e ka puke hou ʻo The Future of the Bauhaus (MIT Press), a ma waena o nā pane like ʻole a me ka manawa kūpono, ʻo ka hoʻolālā, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hale hana, ʻaʻohe wahi e ʻike ʻia. Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka i nā hoʻolaha mākaʻikaʻi lehulehu no ka manaʻo o nā manaʻo maloʻo - ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka naʻauao hou.
ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia nā huakaʻi hele e hele i loko o ka Albers Tapestry. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke noho i loko o kahi kiʻi pena Klee a i ʻole ke kaomi ʻana i kou kino e kūʻē i ka outline o kā Brandt teapot. Akā hiki iā ʻoe ke kau ma luna o ka mokulele, lele i Berlin, lawe i kahi kaʻaahi i Dessau, hopu i kahi kaʻa kaʻa i Gropiusallee 38, e hele i kēlā mau puka ʻulaʻula (ʻoi aku ka ʻulaʻula), e kau i nā kiʻi ma ke alapiʻi, i ka hale kūʻai makana, i ke kanikau. . i loko o ka lumi ʻaina kou ʻōpio nalowale. Hiki iā ʻoe ke noho i ka pō.
Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke makemake i kahi mamao loa mai ka luakini o ke kumu, ʻo ka Bauhaus kahi ipu hao hewa.
E hoʻopaʻa inoa i kā mākou nūhou e loaʻa i nā mea hou loa, nā ʻike kūʻokoʻa a me nā hāʻawi inoa inoa pololei i kāu pahu pahu!
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-23-2022